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Understanding Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Overview
An irreversible, progressive brain disorder—the most common dementia. It impairs memory, thinking, behavior, eventually requiring full-time care.
Risk Factors
- Age (>65 primary risk)
- Family history
- Genetics (APOE-e4 allele)
- Cardiovascular disease (HTN, high cholesterol, stroke)
- Head trauma
- Type 2 diabetes
- Midlife obesity
- Smoking
Symptoms by Stage
Early (Mild): Short-term memory loss, repetitive questions, subtle personality changes.
Middle (Moderate): Worsening memory, confusion, difficulty with language/calculations, poor judgment, behavioral changes (agitation, anxiety).
Late (Severe): Profound memory loss, cannot recognize family, loss of speech, total care dependence, hallucinations, aggression.
Diagnosis
- History, physical, cognitive testing.
- MRI/PET scans for brain structure/function.
Treatment
No cure. Symptom management: cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine. Non-drug: cognitive stimulation, exercise, social engagement to support function and well-being.
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