What does the kidney excrete?
Nitrogenous Waste Products- Urea: formed in the liver from protein catabolism.
- Creatinine: produced by muscle catabolism.
- Uric acid: formed from nucleic acids and some food sources.
- Ammonia: highly toxic produced from protein catabolism, normally converted into urea.
Electrolytes
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Bicarbonate
Other Substances
- Water: makes up the bulk of urine output, regulated by the body to maintain fluid balance.
- Hydrogen ions: secreted or reabsorbed to regulate blood pH.
- Glucose: usually completely reabsorbed, but if blood glucose levels are high, some may appear in urine.
- Vitamins: may appear in urine if taken in excess.
- Drugs: some drugs and their metabolites are excreted in urine.
- Hormones: some hormones, such as aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), are excreted in urine after they have served their purpose.
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