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Evolution of the Stomach: From Simple Gut to Specialized Organ
The stomach evolved with increasing digestive complexity. Key milestones:
- Simple gut → regional specialization (stomach, intestines).
- Herbivory drove glandular development (acid, pepsin) for plant breakdown.
- Ruminants evolved multi-chambered stomachs for microbial cellulose fermentation.
- Carnivores retained simpler, acidic stomachs for protein digestion.
- Human stomach: J-shaped, muscular, endocrine (ghrelin, leptin).
Adaptations reflect dietary niches across species.
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