Forceps Delivery: Indications, Technique, Risks, and Safety

Forceps are obstetric instruments used to assist vaginal delivery when:

• Fetal malposition or malpresentation
• Maternal exhaustion or inability to push effectively
• Fetal distress requiring expedited delivery
• Risk of umbilical cord prolapse

Application

Blades are applied to the fetal head (most common), shoulders, or breech. The obstetrician applies controlled traction during contractions to guide the baby through the birth canal.

Risks

• Maternal: Soft tissue trauma (vaginal, cervical, perineal lacerations).
• Fetal: Scalp/face bruising, lacerations, skull fracture, nerve injury.
• Neurologic: Slightly increased risk of cerebral palsy (association, not necessarily causation).

Safety

Forceps are safe and effective when used by skilled operators with appropriate indications. They are reserved for situations where benefits outweigh risks.