How does late age affect pregnancy?

1. Increased Risk of Chromosomal Abnormalities

Advanced maternal age is associated with an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities in offspring, such as Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and Patau syndrome. This risk increases significantly after the age of 35.

2. Placental Abnormalities

The placenta, which provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus, can be affected by advanced maternal age. The placenta may be smaller and less efficient, leading to potential complications such as placental abruption (premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall) or placenta previa (the placenta covers the cervix).

3. Gestational Diabetes

Older women are more likely to develop gestational diabetes, a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes can increase the risk of complications such as preeclampsia, macrosomia (large birth weight), and premature birth.

4. Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a serious condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine. It is more common in older women and can lead to complications such as eclampsia (seizures), HELLP syndrome (a severe form of preeclampsia), and placental abruption.

5. Premature Birth

Advanced maternal age is associated with an increased risk of premature birth, which is defined as a delivery before 37 weeks of gestation. Premature babies may have health problems such as respiratory distress syndrome, cerebral palsy, and vision and hearing problems.

6. Low Birth Weight

Older women are more likely to have low birth weight babies, which is defined as a birth weight below 2,500 grams (5 pounds, 8 ounces). Low birth weight can increase the risk of health problems in newborns and infants, such as respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), and feeding difficulties.

7. Multiple Pregnancy

Women over 35 are more likely to have a multiple pregnancy, such as twins or triplets. Multiple pregnancies carry an increased risk of complications such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and premature birth.

8. Fertility Issues

Advanced maternal age can affect fertility, making it more difficult to conceive. This is because the quality and quantity of eggs decline with age, leading to a decrease in fertility.