Flat Feet (Pes Planus): Anatomy, Causes, and Treatment

Flat feet (pes planus) occur when the longitudinal arch collapses, causing the entire sole to contact the ground. The arch is normally supported by ligaments, tendons, and muscles. When these weaken, the arch falls.

Types

• Flexible: arch visible non-weight-bearing, collapses when standing.
• Rigid: arch flat even non-weight-bearing.

Causes

• Genetics, aging, obesity
• Medical conditions (diabetes, arthritis, nerve damage)
• Injury/trauma

Symptoms & Treatment

• Foot pain, swelling, abnormal shoe wear, knee/hip/back pain.
• Conservative: orthotics, physical therapy, weight loss.
• Severe cases: surgery to reconstruct arch.