Understanding the Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue: Structure & Function

Intrinsic muscles: These muscles are located within the tongue itself and control its movements. They are divided into four groups:

* Superior longitudinal muscles: These muscles run along the top of the tongue and help to raise it.

* Inferior longitudinal muscles: These muscles run along the bottom of the tongue and help to lower it.

* Transverse muscles: These muscles run across the tongue and help to narrow it.

* Vertical muscles: These muscles run up and down the tongue and help to lengthen it.

Extrinsic muscles: These muscles are located outside of the tongue and help to attach it to the surrounding structures. They are divided into two groups:

* Genioglossus muscle: This muscle arises from the mandible and inserts into the tongue. It helps to protrude the tongue.

* Hyoglossus muscle: This muscle arises from the hyoid bone and inserts into the tongue. It helps to depress the tongue.

The muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII).