Understanding Neurovascular Entrapment: Muscle Compression & Symptoms

Neurovascular entrapment syndromes occur when a nerve or blood vessel is compressed by a surrounding anatomic structure, such as bone, fibrous (fascial) bands, or a muscle. Muscle-related entrapment syndromes include:

Scalenes: The scalene muscles are located on either side of the neck and help stabilize the head. Scalene anterior syndrome occurs when the scalene muscles compress the brachial plexus (a network of nerves supplying the upper limb) and subclavian artery (which carries oxygenated blood to the arm).

Piriformis: The piriformis muscle is a small muscle situated in the buttock area. Piriformis syndrome is a condition in which the piriformis muscle compresses the sciatic nerve (the longest nerve in the body, running down the back of the leg).

Iliopsoas: The iliopsoas is a composite muscle consisting of the iliacus and psoas major muscles. Iliopsoas syndrome occurs when the iliopsoas muscle compresses the femoral nerve (a nerve supplying the front of the thigh).

Pectoralis Minor: Pectoralis minor syndrome is characterized by compression of the nerves and/or blood vessels passing between the first rib and the clavicle. Tightness or overuse of the pectoralis minor muscle can lead to entrapment.