Hypercalcemia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments — A Comprehensive Guide

Hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium) stems from parathyroid dysfunction and other conditions.

Primary Hyperparathyroidism Causes

• Parathyroid adenoma
• Parathyroid hyperplasia
• Parathyroid carcinoma

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Causes

• Vitamin D deficiency
• Chronic renal failure
• Hypomagnesemia
• Fanconi syndrome
• Pseudohypoparathyroidism

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

• Long-standing untreated secondary hyperparathyroidism

Rare Causes

• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Sarcoidosis
• Addison disease
• Multiple myeloma, leukemia, lymphoma
• Paget disease of bone
• Acromegaly
• Thyrotoxicosis

Diagnosis involves blood/urine tests and imaging. Treatment targets the underlying cause.