Down Syndrome: Physical, Cognitive, and Health Impacts Across the Lifespan

Physical Features

• Flattened facial profile, upward‑slanting eyes, single palmar crease
• Short stature, low muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy
• Broad hands, short fingers, widely spaced toes

Intellectual Profile

• Intellectual disability (mild to severe); average IQ 50–70
• Speech/language delays
• Challenges with memory, attention, problem‑solving

Health Considerations

• Congenital heart defects, respiratory issues, thyroid dysfunction, GI problems
• Increased infection susceptibility
• Vision problems (myopia, cataracts); hearing loss

Behavioral Traits

• Often friendly, outgoing, cooperative
• Strong empathy and attachment to family/friends

Developmental Milestones

• Slower progress vs. typical peers
• Motor and speech delays common
• Early therapy (speech, OT, PT) maximizes potential

Lifespan and Aging

• Life expectancy now into 60s and beyond
• Alzheimer’s disease may appear earlier (30s–40s)