Bad Breath (Halitosis): Causes, Prevention & Solutions

Common Causes

• Oral hygiene – Plaque, tongue coating, gingivitis, periodontitis.
• Dry mouth (xerostomia) – Medications, mouth breathing, Sjögren’s, dehydration.
• Diet – Garlic, onions, spices, coffee, alcohol.
• Tobacco – Smoking, chewing.
• Medical conditions – GERD, sinusitis, tonsilloliths, diabetes (ketones), renal/liver failure, H. pylori.
• Medications – Many cause dry mouth; some release volatile metabolites.

Effective Management

1. Brush 2×/day + floss daily.
2. Clean tongue (scraper/brush) – posterior dorsum harbors most odor‑producing bacteria.
3. Hydrate; chew sugar‑free gum (xylitol) to stimulate saliva.
4. Treat gum disease; regular dental cleanings.
5. Address medical causes (GERD, sinus, etc.).
6. Review meds with prescriber if dry mouth severe.

When to See a Professional

Persistent halitosis despite good oral hygiene → dentist → physician if oral cause excluded.