Peristalsis: The Rhythmic Wave That Moves Gut Contents and More
Peristalsis = coordinated, sequential contraction/relaxation of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers, propelling contents aborally.
GI Tract Roles
- Esophagus: Primary (swallow-initiated) and secondary (distension-triggered) waves move bolus to stomach.
- Stomach: Mixing waves (3/min) churn food with acid/enzymes; terminal antrum grinds → chyme.
- Small intestine: Segmenting contractions mix; migrating motor complex (MMC) sweeps residue fasting.
- Large intestine: Haustral shuffling, mass movements (1–3/day) → defecation.
Beyond Digestion
- Ureters: Peristalsis moves urine kidney→bladder.
- Fallopian tubes: Ciliary + peristaltic transport of oocyte/zygote.
- Vas deferens: Sperm transport during ejaculation.
Disorders
Dysmotility → gastroparesis, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, achalasia, constipation, diarrhea, GERD.
Prokinetics (metoclopramide, domperidone, prucalopride) enhance peristalsis in select conditions.
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