Halitosis: Causes (Hygiene, Dry Mouth, Gum Disease, Reflux), Prevention Tips, and When to See a Professional

Bad breath (halitosis) is an unpleasant oral odor. It can indicate poor oral hygiene or underlying medical conditions.

Common Causes

• Poor oral hygiene: Bacterial buildup on teeth/gums (most common cause).
• Dry mouth: Reduced saliva allows bacterial accumulation.
• Gum disease: Bleeding, swelling, pain; causes odor.
• Tooth decay: Cavities trap food/bacteria.
• Sinus infections: Postnasal drip introduces mucus/bacteria.
• Acid reflux: Stomach acid backs up, causing odor.
• Certain foods: Garlic, onions, coffee release compounds into breath.

See a doctor/dentist if bad breath persists despite good hygiene—it may signal an underlying condition needing treatment.

Prevention Tips

• Brush twice daily, floss daily
• Use a tongue scraper
• Stay hydrated
• Avoid odor-causing foods
• Quit smoking
• Regular dental checkups/cleanings