Gas Exchange in the Lungs: From Inhalation to Oxygen Delivery
- Inhalation: Diaphragm/intercostals contract → chest expands → air enters.
- Conduction: Nasal/oral → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles.
- Alveolar gas exchange: O₂ diffuses across thin alveolar-capillary membrane into blood; CO₂ diffuses out.
- Transport: O₂ binds hemoglobin → oxyhemoglobin → systemic delivery; CO₂ carried as bicarbonate, carbamino compounds, dissolved.
- Exhalation: Muscles relax → elastic recoil → CO₂-rich air expelled.
This continuous cycle sustains cellular respiration and acid-base balance.
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