Understanding Transformers: How They Transfer Electrical Energy

A transformer transfers electrical energy between circuits through inductively coupled coils. Energy transfers via magnetic field.

Coils wound around ferromagnetic core (e.g., iron) concentrating magnetic field. AC in primary coil creates magnetic field in core, inducing AC in secondary coil. Voltage ratio determined by turns ratio: e.g., primary 100 turns, secondary 200 turns → secondary voltage double primary.

Applications

• Power distribution: Step up voltage for long-distance transmission (high voltage, low current reduces loss).
• Power generation: Step up generator voltage for transmission.
• Industrial: Welding, electroplating, lighting.
• Consumer electronics: TVs, radios, computers.