Miotics: Effects, Uses & Side Effects in Ophthalmology

Miotics (e.g., pilocarpine) constrict the pupil by activating the sphincter pupillae muscle. Uses:

1. Glaucoma: Increase aqueous outflow, lower intraocular pressure.
2. Diagnostic: Improve view of lens, retina, optic nerve (though mydriatics dilate for this; miotics may be used in specific contexts).
3. Uveitis: Reduce inflammation, stabilize pupil.
4. Post-op: Prevent excessive dilation after cataract surgery.
5. Esotropia: Enhance convergence.

Side effects: blurred vision, dim-light difficulty, headache, brow ache—usually transient. Dosing tailored to condition.