What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

The formula for calculating cardiac output is:

*Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume*

Where:

* Cardiac output: the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute, measured in liters per minute (L/min)

* Heart rate: the number of heartbeats per minute, measured in beats per minute (bpm)

* Stroke volume: the volume of blood pumped out by the heart with each beat, measured in milliliters per beat (mL/beat)