Understanding Eye Movements: Types and Functions
Six extraocular muscles control eye movements for distinct visual functions:
- Saccades: Rapid, ballistic jumps between fixation points (reading, scanning).
- Smooth pursuit: Slow tracking of moving objects.
- Vergence: Convergence (near) / divergence (far) for depth focus.
- Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR): Stabilizes gaze during head movement (eyes move opposite to head).
- Optokinetic nystagmus: Tracks large moving fields (e.g., scenery from train).
- Microsaccades/drift/tremor: Fixational movements preventing perceptual fading.
Disorders (nystagmus, palsies, INO) affect specific movement types, aiding neurological localization.
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