Female Reproductive System: The Three Key Organs
The female reproductive system centers on three primary organs:
- Ovaries: Paired gonads producing oocytes (eggs) and hormones (estradiol, progesterone, inhibin, AMH). Each cycle, one follicle ovulates.
- Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes): ~10 cm muscular tubes with fimbriated ends capturing ovulated oocyte. Site of fertilization (ampulla). Cilia and peristalsis transport zygote to uterus.
- Uterus: Thick-walled muscular organ (pear-shaped). Endometrium cycles under hormonal control—proliferative (estrogen) → secretory (progesterone) → menses if no implantation. If fertilized, blastocyst implants ~day 6–7; placenta forms.
Supporting Structures
- Cervix: Lower uterine segment; gateway for sperm, barrier to infection, dilates in labor.
- Vagina: Fibromuscular canal; birth canal, coitus, menstrual outflow.
- Ligaments: Broad, round, uterosacral, cardinal—support position.
This anatomy underpins menstruation, fertility, pregnancy, and childbirth.
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