Understanding Depression: Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis & Treatment

Depression (Major Depressive Disorder) is a common, serious mood disorder affecting how you feel, think, and function.

Core Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5)

≥5 symptoms during a 2-week period, including at least one of:

• Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
• Markedly diminished interest/pleasure (anhedonia)

Plus: weight/appetite change, sleep disturbance, psychomotor agitation/retardation, fatigue, worthlessness/guilt, concentration difficulties, suicidal ideation.

Subtypes

• Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Chronic, milder symptoms ≥2 years
• Postpartum Depression: Onset during pregnancy or within 4 weeks of delivery
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Recurrent winter depression
• Psychotic Depression: With delusions/hallucinations
• Melancholic/Atypical Features: Specific symptom patterns

Comorbidities

Anxiety disorders, substance use, chronic medical illnesses, personality disorders.

Treatment

• Psychotherapy: CBT, interpersonal therapy, behavioral activation
• Pharmacotherapy: SSRIs, SNRIs, atypical antidepressants
• Brain Stimulation: ECT (severe/refractory), TMS, VNS
• Lifestyle: Exercise, sleep hygiene, social support, nutrition

Early intervention improves outcomes. Treatment is individualized; combination therapy often most effective.