How is the trachea kept open yet able to bend?

The trachea is kept open by a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings in its wall. These rings are interconnected by elastic and fibrous tissue, allowing the trachea to bend while providing structural support.

The incomplete rings allow the trachea to flex during respiration and accommodate changes in neck position. Additionally, the smooth muscle fibers within the tracheal wall contribute to airway regulation by contracting or relaxing as needed, further affecting the airway diameter. Finally, the mucus-producing glands in the tracheal lining moisten the air that passes through, protecting the airway from irritation.