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The Haversian System (Osteon): Structural Unit of Compact Bone
The Haversian system (osteon) is the fundamental functional unit of compact (cortical) bone.
Structure
- Central (Haversian) canal: Contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
- Concentric lamellae: 4–20 layers of mineralized collagen matrix surrounding canal
- Lacunae: Spaces housing osteocytes
- Canaliculi: Microscopic channels connecting lacunae for nutrient/waste exchange
- Volkmann's (perforating) canals: Connect Haversian canals perpendicularly, linking vascular supply
Function
- Mechanical strength (resists bending/torsion)
- Metabolic exchange via canalicular network
- Remodeling: osteoclasts/osteoblasts resorb/form new osteons
Clinical Relevance
Osteon density/orientation adapts to stress (Wolff's law). Aging → osteon fragmentation, reduced vascularity. Histology distinguishes woven (immature) vs. lamellar (mature) bone.
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