Geographic Tongue: Causes, Symptoms & What to Expect

Geographic tongue is a common, benign condition characterized by red, smooth areas on the tongue that are surrounded by a white border. These areas may change shape and location over time, hence the name "geographic." Geographic tongue is usually painless, but it can sometimes be associated with a burning or stinging sensation. The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown, but it is thought to be related to an immune system disorder. Geographic tongue is not contagious and typically does not require treatment. However, if the symptoms are bothersome, over-the-counter pain relievers or topical anesthetics may be used.