Gingivitis: Causes, Symptoms, History & Prevention
Etymology & History
The term gingivitis derives from the Latin gingiva (gum) and the suffix -itis (inflammation). French surgeon Ambroise Paré first used it in the 16th century. Ancient Chinese, Indian, and Egyptian texts describe gum disease, but bacterial etiology wasn’t confirmed until the 19th century.
Causes & Pathophysiology
Gingivitis is caused by dental plaque—a biofilm of bacteria (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia) that accumulates on teeth and gingival margins. Bacterial toxins trigger host immune response, leading to inflammation.
Signs & Symptoms
- Red, swollen, tender gums
- Bleeding on brushing or flossing
- Bad breath (halitosis)
- Gum recession (in advanced cases)
Progression & Complications
Untreated gingivitis can advance to periodontitis—destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, leading to tooth loss.
Prevention & Treatment
- Twice-daily brushing with fluoride toothpaste
- Daily interdental cleaning (floss, water flosser)
- Regular professional cleanings (every 6 months)
- Antimicrobial mouth rinses (adjunctive)
- Smoking cessation—major risk factor
Gingivitis is reversible with consistent oral hygiene. Early intervention prevents irreversible periodontal damage.
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