Latent Viruses: Dormancy, Reactivation Triggers, and Management
A latent virus persists in the host in a non-replicating, transcriptionally restricted state without causing symptoms. The viral genome remains (often episomally or integrated) and can reactivate under certain conditions.
Common Latent Viruses
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1/2): Latent in trigeminal or sacral ganglia → cold sores or genital herpes upon reactivation.
- Varicella-zoster virus (VZV): Latent in dorsal root ganglia → shingles (herpes zoster) upon reactivation.
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): Latent in B cells → can cause mononucleosis, lymphoproliferative disorders.
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Latent in myeloid progenitors → reactivates in immunosuppression.
- Human herpesviruses 6/7 (HHV-6/7): Latent in T cells/salivary glands.
Reactivation Triggers
- Psychological or physical stress
- Immunosuppression (HIV, chemotherapy, transplant medications)
- Illness, fever, UV exposure
- Hormonal changes (menstruation, pregnancy)
Management
No cure eliminates latency. Antivirals (acyclovir, valacyclovir, ganciclovir) suppress reactivation and reduce severity. Lifestyle measures (stress reduction, adequate sleep, immune health) help minimize recurrences.
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