What is cytomegalovirus?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus in the herpesvirus family. Also called human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5), it is related to viruses that cause chickenpox, shingles, and mononucleosis. CMV is spread through contact with bodily fluids, such as saliva, blood, urine, and semen. The virus can stay in the body for life, and it can reactivate if the person's immune system is weakened.

Most healthy adults who get CMV do not have symptoms. However, CMV can cause serious illness in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and those undergoing cancer treatment. In these people, CMV can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Fever

* Fatigue

* Muscle aches

* Swollen lymph nodes

* Mouth ulcers

* Eye inflammation

* Pneumonia

* Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)

CMV can also cause serious problems in pregnant women and newborns. In pregnant women, CMV can cross the placenta and infect the developing fetus. This can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth defects such as hearing loss, vision problems, and mental disabilities. In newborns, CMV can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Prematurity

* Low birth weight

* Seizures

* Hearing loss

* Vision problems

* Developmental delays

There is no cure for CMV, but there are treatments that can help reduce the symptoms and prevent serious complications. Treatment options include antiviral medications, supportive care, and, in some cases, surgery.

People at high risk of developing CMV should take precautions to avoid infection. These precautions include:

* Avoiding contact with bodily fluids of people who are known to be infected with CMV

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding touching your face

* Using condoms during sex

* Getting vaccinated against CMV (recommended for women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, and for people with weakened immune systems)

If you are pregnant and have been exposed to CMV, or if you have a weakened immune system and are experiencing CMV symptoms, see your doctor right away.