Acetone Exposure: Health Effects by Route, Toxicity, and Treatment

Acetone (Propanone) – Hazard Profile

Acetone is a volatile, flammable ketone widely used as solvent (nail polish remover, paint thinner, labs, industry). Low acute toxicity but significant irritant and CNS depressant at high exposures.

Route-Specific Effects

Inhalation (Most Common Occupational Route)

• Acute (ppm–% levels): Mucous membrane irritation (eyes, nose, throat) → 100–200 ppm; headache, dizziness, nausea → 500–1000 ppm; CNS depression, ataxia, unconsciousness → >2500 ppm.
• Chronic: Neurobehavioral deficits (memory, attention), possible kidney/liver enzyme changes. Not classifiable as human carcinogen (IARC Group 3, ACGIH A4).

Dermal Contact

• Defatting → dryness, irritation, contact dermatitis (chronic).
• Low systemic absorption (but measurable in blood/urine).
• Enhances penetration of other chemicals.

Ocular

• Severe irritation, conjunctivitis, corneal epithelial damage (reversible).
• Immediate irrigation 15+ min.

Ingestion

• Rare; GI irritation, vomiting, CNS depression (similar to inhalation).
• Lethal dose ~50 mL (adult); aspiration pneumonitis risk.

Occupational Limits

• OSHA PEL: 1000 ppm (8-hr TWA).
• ACGIH TLV: 250 ppm (TWA), 500 ppm (STEL).
• NIOSH REL: 250 ppm (10-hr TWA).

First Aid & Treatment

• Inhalation: Fresh air, O₂ if hypoxic, monitor CNS.
• Skin: Remove contaminated clothing, wash with soap/water.
• Eyes: Irrigate 15+ min, ophthalmology if injury.
• Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting; rinse mouth, give water/milk, monitor for CNS depression.
• Severe CNS depression: Supportive care (airway, ventilation), no specific antidote.

Prevention

• Local exhaust ventilation, enclosed systems.
• Nitrile gloves (latex permeable), goggles, aprons.
• Grounding/bonding (flammability).
• Air monitoring in high-use areas.