Lupus Causes: Genetic, Environmental, and Hormonal Factors Behind This Autoimmune Disease

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not caused by a microbe (bacteria or virus). It is a chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and organ damage.

Etiology: A Complex Interplay

• Genetics: Multiple susceptibility genes (e.g., HLA-DR3, complement deficiencies) increase risk, but no single “lupus gene” exists.
• Environmental triggers: UV light, Epstein-Barr virus, silica dust, smoking, certain drugs (hydralazine, procainamide) can initiate or flare disease.
• Hormonal influences: Estrogen modulates immune activity; lupus is 9× more common in women, often flaring during reproductive years and pregnancy.

Lupus is not contagious. Diagnosis combines clinical criteria (rash, arthritis, serositis, renal, neurologic, hematologic) with autoantibodies (ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith). Early rheumatology care improves outcomes.