Fetal Heart Rate: Normal Ranges and Causes of Bradycardia
Fetal heart rate (FHR) typically starts around 100 bpm and increases to 120–160 bpm by end of first trimester.
Causes of Slow Fetal Heart Rate
- Prematurity: Immature nervous system regulation.
- Birth defects: Congenital heart defects obstructing blood flow.
- Maternal factors: Low blood pressure, preeclampsia reducing placental perfusion.
- Medications: Beta‑blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin.
Evaluation
If bradycardia detected, further testing (ultrasound, Doppler, echocardiogram) determines cause. Treatment depends on underlying condition.
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