Encephalomyelitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prognosis
What Is Encephalomyelitis?
Inflammatory disease of the brain and spinal cord, arising from infections, autoimmunity, or toxins. Can affect all ages (WHO 2023).
Common Causes
- Viral: Measles, mumps, rubella, enteroviruses, West Nile virus
- Bacterial: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, others
- Autoimmune: ADEM, neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
- Toxic: Lead, mercury, arsenic exposure
Key Symptoms
- Fever, headache, neck stiffness
- Altered mental status, confusion, seizures
- Weakness/paralysis, sensory disturbances
- Speech difficulties, vision problems
Treatment & Care
- Anti-inflammatories (corticosteroids)
- Antiepileptics for seizures
- Pain management
- ICU support for severe cases
- Physical/occupational therapy for rehab
Prognosis
Varies by cause and severity; some resolve fully, others leave lasting deficits. Early intervention improves outcomes.
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