What Passes Through the Placenta: Essential Nutrients & Substances

- Oxygen: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Carbon dioxide: Crosses from the foetus to the mother.

- Glucose: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Amino acids: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Fatty acids: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Vitamins: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Minerals: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Water: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Antibodies: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Hormones: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Drugs: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Alcohol: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.

- Nicotine: Crosses from the mother to the foetus.