Keratoderma: Causes, Genetics, and Skin Barrier Defects

* Mutations in the filaggrin gene. Filaggrin is a protein that helps to form the outermost layer of skin. Mutations in the filaggrin gene can lead to a reduction in filaggrin production, which can cause the skin to become dry, scaly, and cracked.

* Mutations in other genes. Mutations in other genes that are involved in the formation of skin can also lead to keratoderma. These genes include those that encode proteins that help to form the skin barrier, such as involucrin, loricrin, and desmoglein.

* Acquired causes. Keratoderma can also be acquired as a result of a variety of factors, including:

* Skin injuries. Keratoderma can develop at the site of a skin injury, such as a burn or cut.

* Infections. Keratoderma can be caused by infections, such as fungal infections or viral infections.

* Autoimmune diseases. Keratoderma can be a symptom of certain autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, eczema, and lichen planus.

* Medications. Keratoderma can be a side effect of certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs.