Pancreas Physiology: Exocrine Functions & Digestive Enzymes

The pancreas has dual exocrine (digestive) and endocrine (hormonal) functions.

Exocrine Pancreas

Secretes enzyme‑rich pancreatic juice into duodenum via pancreatic duct.

• Amylase: Carbohydrates → maltose, glucose.
• Proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin): Proteins → peptides, amino acids.
• Lipase: Triglycerides → fatty acids, monoglycerides.
• Bicarbonate: Neutralizes gastric acid.

Stimulated by CCK (fat/protein) and secretin (acid).

Endocrine Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)

• β‑cells – Insulin: Lowers blood glucose (promotes uptake/storage).
• α‑cells – Glucagon: Raises blood glucose (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis).
• δ‑cells – Somatostatin: Modulates insulin/glucagon release.

Clinical Relevance

• Pancreatitis: Enzyme autodigestion (alcohol, gallstones).
• Pancreatic cancer: Often late‑stage; poor prognosis.
• Diabetes mellitus: Insulin deficiency (type 1) or resistance (type 2).