Functional Ovarian Cysts: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Functional ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. They are the most common type of ovarian cyst in women of reproductive age and usually resolve on their own within a few months.

Types of Functional Cysts

• Follicular cysts: Develop when a follicle fails to rupture and release an egg, continuing to grow.
• Corpus luteum cysts: Form after ovulation when the corpus luteum (the structure that produces progesterone) seals off and fills with fluid instead of dissolving.

Symptoms

Most functional cysts are asymptomatic. When symptoms occur, they may include:

• Pelvic pain or pressure, often on one side
• Bloating or abdominal fullness
• Pain during intercourse
• Irregular menstrual bleeding

Diagnosis & Treatment

Cysts are often found during routine pelvic exams or ultrasounds. Treatment depends on size, symptoms, and menopausal status. Options include watchful waiting, hormonal contraceptives to prevent new cysts, or surgery (laparoscopy) for large, persistent, or suspicious cysts.

See your doctor if you experience sudden, severe pelvic pain, fever, vomiting, or signs of shock—these may indicate a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion, which require emergency care.