Anorchism: Causes, Effects, and Management

Anorchism (or anorchia) is a rare congenital condition where a male is born without one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) testes. It results from genetic mutations, intrauterine vascular insults, or hormonal disruptions during fetal development.

Consequences

• Absent testicular function → infertility and low testosterone.
• Impaired development of male secondary sexual characteristics.
• Psychological impact related to body image and fertility.

Management

Treatment involves testosterone replacement therapy starting at puberty to induce virilization and maintain bone/muscle health. Surgical placement of testicular prostheses may be considered for cosmetic reasons. Genetic counseling is recommended. Multidisciplinary care by endocrinology, urology, and psychology optimizes outcomes.