Epistaxis (Nosebleeds): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Epistaxis is the medical term for nosebleeds. It occurs when blood vessels in the nasal mucosa rupture, causing blood to flow from one or both nostrils. Nosebleeds range from minor, self-limiting episodes to severe cases requiring medical intervention. They are common across all ages but more frequent in children (ages 2–10) and older adults (50+).

Common Causes

• Dry air or heated indoor environments
• Nasal trauma (picking, blowing too hard, injury)
• Allergies or upper respiratory infections
• Medications (anticoagulants, nasal sprays)
• Structural issues (deviated septum)
• Underlying conditions (hypertension, bleeding disorders)

First-Aid Management

1. Sit upright and lean slightly forward (not back) to avoid swallowing blood.
2. Pinch the soft part of the nose (just below the bony bridge) firmly for 10–15 minutes without releasing.
3. Apply a cold compress to the bridge of the nose.
4. Avoid nose blowing, bending over, or straining for several hours after bleeding stops.

When to Seek Medical Care

• Bleeding lasts longer than 20 minutes despite pressure.
• Bleeding is heavy or follows a head/face injury.
• You feel dizzy, weak, or have difficulty breathing.
• You’re on blood thinners or have a bleeding disorder.
• Recurrent nosebleeds (more than once a week).

Most nosebleeds are benign and manageable at home. Persistent or severe cases warrant evaluation by a healthcare professional to identify and treat underlying causes.