The Vital Functions of the Lungs: Gas Exchange and More
1. Gas Exchange
Alveoli lined with capillaries allow oxygen to diffuse into blood and bind hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide diffuses out to be exhaled.
2. Oxygen Transport
Oxygenated blood travels via arteries to tissues; hemoglobin releases oxygen for cellular metabolism.
3. Carbon Dioxide Removal
CO2 returns via bloodstream to alveoli for exhalation.
4. Blood pH Regulation
Lungs adjust breathing rate to expel or retain CO2, stabilizing blood pH.
5. Surfactant Production
Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant, reducing alveolar surface tension and preventing collapse.
6. Immune Defense
Mucus and cilia trap inhaled particles; alveolar macrophages phagocytose pathogens.
7. Voice Production
Lung airflow vibrates vocal cords in the larynx, producing sound.
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