Canine Respiration: Lungs, Diaphragm & Gas Exchange

Dogs, as mammals, respire via lungs. Air pathway: nares → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli. Gas exchange (O₂/CO₂) occurs across alveolar-capillary membrane. Ventilation driven by diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Panting (rapid, shallow) is primary thermoregulatory mechanism; minimal sweating (paw pads only).