DXA (Lombardi) Scan: Bone Density Testing Explained

A DXA scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), sometimes called a Lombardi scan, measures bone mineral density (BMD) using low-dose X-rays. It’s the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis and osteopenia.

Procedure

• Patient lies on a padded table; scanner passes over hip, spine, and/or forearm.
• Painless; takes 10–15 minutes.
• Radiation exposure is minimal (<1/10th of a chest X-ray).

Results: T-Scores

• Normal: T-score ≥ –1.0
• Osteopenia: T-score –1.0 to –2.5
• Osteoporosis: T-score ≤ –2.5

T-score compares patient BMD to young-adult peak BMD of same sex/race. Z-scores (age-matched) are used for children, premenopausal women, and men <50.

Precautions

Pregnancy: avoid unless essential. Metal implants in scanned area may artifact results.