Chronic Stress: Physical and Mental Health Consequences

Prolonged stress activation ("allostatic load") produces wear and tear across body systems.

Physical Symptoms

• Cardiovascular: Hypertension, atherosclerosis, increased MI/stroke risk.
• Immune: Suppressed immunity (frequent infections), delayed wound healing, chronic inflammation.
• Metabolic: Insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia.
• Gastrointestinal: GERD, IBS, ulcer exacerbation, altered motility.
• Musculoskeletal: Tension headaches, TMJ, chronic pain syndromes.
• Dermatologic: Acne, eczema, psoriasis flares, hair loss (telogen effluvium).
• Reproductive: Menstrual irregularities, reduced libido, erectile dysfunction.

Mental/Behavioral Symptoms

• Sleep disturbance (insomnia, non-restorative sleep).
• Anxiety, irritability, panic attacks.
• Depressive symptoms (anhedonia, hopelessness).
• Cognitive impairment (memory, concentration, decision-making).
• Substance misuse (alcohol, tobacco, drugs) as coping.
• Social withdrawal.

Management

• Identify and modify stressors where possible.
• Regular aerobic exercise.
• Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), CBT.
• Adequate sleep, balanced nutrition.
• Social support.
• Professional help if symptoms impair function.

Early intervention prevents progression to stress-related disorders.