Bipolar Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

Bipolar disorder (formerly manic-depressive illness) causes extreme mood swings between mania/hypomania and depression, affecting energy, activity, and thinking.

Manic/Hypomanic Symptoms

• Euphoria or extreme irritability
• Increased energy, restlessness
• Rapid speech, racing thoughts
• Impulsivity, poor judgment
• Decreased need for sleep
• Increased libido
• Grandiosity or delusions

Depressive Symptoms

• Persistent sadness, hopelessness
• Low energy, fatigue
• Sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia)
• Appetite/weight changes
• Guilt, worthlessness
• Difficulty concentrating
• Suicidal thoughts

Treatment

Bipolar disorder is chronic but manageable with mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium), antipsychotics, psychotherapy (CBT, family-focused), and lifestyle regularity (sleep, stress management). With proper treatment, individuals lead full, productive lives.