Understanding Sunburn Pain: Causes, Inflammation & Healing

Why Sunburn Hurts: The Inflammatory Cascade

UV radiation (mainly UVB) damages keratinocyte DNA → p53 activation → apoptotic "sunburn cells" → massive inflammatory response.

Pain Mechanisms

1. Pro-inflammatory mediators: Prostaglandins (PGE₂), cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α), histamine, serotonin → sensitize nociceptors.
2. Vasodilation & edema: Increased pressure on dermal nerve endings.
3. Direct nerve injury: UV damages cutaneous C-fibers → ectopic firing.
4. Blistering: Epidermal separation → fluid-filled bullae → tension pain.
5. Secondary infection: Compromised barrier → bacterial entry → cellulitis.
6. Dehydration: Transepidermal water loss → dry, tight, sensitive skin.

Relief Strategies

• Cool compresses, colloidal oatmeal baths
• NSAIDs (ibuprofen) — anti-inflammatory + analgesic
• Topical corticosteroids (mild-moderate)
• Aloe vera, fragrance-free moisturizers
• Hydration, avoid further sun
• Do not pop blisters

Prevention

Broad-spectrum SPF 30+, reapplied q2h; UPF clothing; shade 10 AM–4 PM. Sunburn increases melanoma risk long-term.