Deformity: Definition, Causes, Types & Impact

Definition

A deformity is a visible physical abnormality in the shape, structure, or position of a body part or organ. It may be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life.

Common Causes

• Congenital: Genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, teratogen exposure (e.g., fetal alcohol syndrome), intrauterine constraint.
• Traumatic: Fractures, burns, crush injuries, amputations.
• Disease/Infection: Polio, leprosy, osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, tumors.
• Iatrogenic: Complications from surgery or medical treatment.

Examples by Body Region

• Musculoskeletal: Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus), scoliosis, kyphosis, limb length discrepancy, hip dysplasia.
• Craniofacial: Cleft lip/palate, craniosynostosis, microtia.
• Neural Tube: Spina bifida, anencephaly.
• Hand/Foot: Syndactyly (webbed digits), polydactyly (extra digits), trigger finger.

Impact & Management

• Physical: Functional impairment, pain, mobility limitations.
• Psychological: Body image distress, social stigma, reduced quality of life.
• Treatment: Surgery, orthotics/prosthetics, physical therapy, assistive devices, multidisciplinary rehabilitation.

Early intervention often improves functional and psychosocial outcomes.