Signs of Circulation: Key Clinical Indicators
Assessing circulation is vital in emergency and clinical settings. Key signs:
- Pulse: Rate, rhythm, quality at radial, carotid, femoral, pedal sites.
- Blood pressure: Systolic/diastolic (mmHg); MAP = DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure.
- Capillary refill time (CRT): <2 seconds normal (fingernail bed, sternum).
- Skin color: Pink/perfused; pale, cyanotic, mottled = poor perfusion.
- Skin temperature: Warm = adequate; cool/cold = vasoconstriction/shock.
- Edema: Swelling from fluid extravasation; dependent, pitting vs. non-pitting.
- Claudication: Leg pain with walking, relieved by rest (PAD sign).
- Varicose veins: Venous insufficiency, valve incompetence.
Clinical Integration
Combine with mental status, urine output, lactate, ScvO2 for complete perfusion assessment.
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