Posterior Nosebleeds: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options
Posterior epistaxis
* __Origin:__ Branches of the maxillary artery (sphenopalatine, descending palatine, and greater palatine arteries)
* __Bleeding:_ Profuse, life-threatening
* __Signs:_ Active bleeding from the posterior choana or blood in the nasopharynx
* __Treatment:__
- __First line:__ Anterior and posterior nasal packing
- __Second line:__
* Endoscopic therapy (eg, electrocautery, laser)
* Transantral ligation of the maxillary artery
* Intra-arterial embolization
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