Kwashiorkor and Edema: Mechanism of Protein‑Deficiency Swelling

Pathophysiology

1. Hypoalbuminemia: Severe protein deficiency → liver fails to produce albumin.
2. Low Oncotic Pressure: Albumin normally holds water in vessels; low levels → fluid leaks into interstitium.
3. Muscle Catabolism: Body breaks down muscle for amino acids, worsening protein loss.
4. Edema Distribution: Face, limbs, abdomen, genitalia – hallmark of kwashiorkor (vs. marasmus).

Clinical Note

Edema in kwashiorkor signals severe malnutrition; requires urgent nutritional rehabilitation with gradual protein repletion.