Down Syndrome: Physical, Intellectual, and Associated Health Effects

Physical Features & Health Concerns

• Characteristic facial features (flattened nasal bridge, upward‑slanting eyes, protruding tongue)
• Short stature
• Hypotonia (low muscle tone)
• Congenital heart defects
• Gastrointestinal issues (e.g., Hirschsprung disease, celiac disease)
• Eye problems (cataracts, glaucoma)
• Hearing loss
• Thyroid dysfunction
• Increased infection susceptibility

Intellectual & Developmental Effects

• Intellectual disability (mild to severe)
• Speech and language delays
• Learning difficulties (reading, writing, math)
• Social challenges
• Behavioral issues (impulsivity, hyperactivity)

Other Considerations

• Elevated risk of mental‑health conditions (depression, anxiety)
• Reduced life expectancy (average ~60 years, improving with care)

Early intervention, multidisciplinary care, and family support optimize outcomes.