Tetanus and the Nervous System: Understanding the Impact

Tetanus, caused by Clostridium tetani, produces the neurotoxin tetanospasmin, which severely disrupts nervous system function:

1. Toxin production: Bacteria enter via deep wounds; release tetanospasmin into bloodstream.
2. Binding to nerve terminals: Toxin travels to CNS (spinal cord/brain), binds motor neuron receptors.
3. Inhibition of neurotransmission: Blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (glycine, GABA).
4. Muscle spasticity and rigidity: Uncontrolled contractions cause stiffness, immobility.
5. Trismus (lockjaw): Jaw/facial muscle spasms prevent mouth opening.
6. Risus sardonicus: Fixed grin from facial muscle contraction.
7. Spreading rigidity: Progresses from wound site to neck, trunk, limbs; can become generalized.
8. Autonomic involvement: Irregular heartbeat, blood pressure fluctuations, sweating, breathing difficulty.
9. Respiratory compromise: Spasms impair respiration; may require mechanical ventilation.

Tetanus is a medical emergency. Vaccination (DTaP/Tdap) is the most effective prevention.