Tuberculosis Meningitis (TBM): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is a serious form of tuberculosis (TB) that affects the meninges—the membranes and fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Risk Factors

TBM is rare but more common in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or cancer. It can also occur in individuals exposed to TB bacteria who have not developed active TB.

Symptoms

• Headache
• Fever
• Nausea and vomiting
• Stiff neck
• Confusion
• Seizures
• Coma

Diagnosis

• Blood tests: Detect antibodies to TB bacteria.
• Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is tested for TB bacteria.
• Imaging studies: CT and MRI scans show inflammation in the meninges and brain.

Treatment

TBM is treated with antibiotics for at least 12 months, usually administered intravenously (IV). In some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain fluid from the brain or remove infected tissue.

Prognosis & Prevention

TBM can be life-threatening but is usually curable with early diagnosis and treatment. Prevention focuses on avoiding TB infection:

• TB vaccination (recommended for those at risk of exposure)
• Avoiding close contact with people who have active TB
• Taking preventive medication after known TB exposure

If you experience any TBM symptoms, seek medical attention immediately. Early intervention improves chances of full recovery.