What are the symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus?

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a condition that occurs when there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, without a significant increase in intracranial pressure. As a result, the ventricles (cavities) in the brain become enlarged, putting pressure on the brain tissue. Despite the term "normal pressure," the increased CSF volume still causes abnormalities in the brain's functioning.

The symptoms of NPH can be subtle and may develop gradually, making them difficult to identify initially. The most common symptoms include:

1. Gait Disturbance: Difficulty with walking, such as short, shuffling steps, increased base of support, and a tendency to fall.

2. Cognitive Impairment: Problems with memory, concentration, and executive functioning. Memory loss can be particularly pronounced for recent events, while older memories may remain intact.

3. Urinary Incontinence: Difficulty controlling urination, leading to urinary urgency and incontinence.

These symptoms are collectively referred to as the "NPH triad". Additionally, people with NPH may experience other signs and symptoms, including:

- Slowed thinking

- Changes in personality

- Apathy or lack of motivation

- Fatigue

- Headaches (usually in the morning or associated with coughing or sneezing)

- Generalized weakness or muscle stiffness

It's worth noting that these symptoms can also be associated with other conditions, so a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary for an accurate diagnosis of NPH.

If you or someone you know is experiencing a combination of these symptoms, it's essential to seek medical attention and consult a healthcare professional for a thorough assessment. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life for people affected by NPH.